How can practice testing improve retention according to cognitive research?

Practice testing enhances retention by promoting the retrieval of information, which is a key component of effective learning strategies. When learners engage in practice tests, they are forced to actively recall information from memory rather than simply recognizing it or passively reviewing it. This process, known as retrieval practice, strengthens the neural pathways associated with the information, making it easier to access in the future.

Cognitive research has shown that the act of recalling information increases the durability and accessibility of memories. The more frequently a learner retrieves information, the more likely they are to remember it long term. This is why practice testing is often recommended as a powerful tool for reinforcing learning and improving retention outcomes.

Other options either suggest ineffectiveness in learning strategies, such as discouraging memory use or focusing solely on new material without reinforcement, or imply that excessive feedback is beneficial, which does not align with the most effective practices in cognitive psychology. Thus, reinforcing learning through retrieval practice is key to improving retention.