Which of the following is an example of behaviorism in an instructional setting?

Behaviorism is an instructional theory that focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they can be learned or modified through interaction with the environment. In this framework, learning is seen as a change in behavior resulting from interaction with external stimuli, and reinforcement plays a crucial role in shaping these behaviors.

Using reinforcement techniques, such as rewards or praise, aligns perfectly with behaviorist principles. This approach operates on the idea that positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future. For instance, when a learner receives praise after demonstrating a desired behavior or successfully completing a task, they are more likely to repeat that behavior, reinforcing their learning process.

The other options, while valuable instructional strategies, do not primarily exemplify behaviorism. Collaborative projects and promoting self-directed research emphasize social interaction and autonomy, which are more aligned with constructivist theories. Encouraging reflection on experiences supports metacognitive learning strategies where learners assess their own thought processes, shifting the focus away from purely observable behaviors to internal cognitive processes.